/*
 * @(#)Collections.java	1.66 03/01/23
 *
 * Copyright 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */

package java.util;
import java.io.Serializable;

/**
 * This class consists exclusively of static methods that operate on or return
 * collections.  It contains polymorphic algorithms that operate on
 * collections, "wrappers", which return a new collection backed by a
 * specified collection, and a few other odds and ends.
 *
 * <p>The methods of this class all throw a <tt>NullPointerException</tt>
 * if the collections provided to them are null.
 *
 * <p>The documentation for the polymorphic algorithms contained in this class
 * generally includes a brief description of the <i>implementation</i>.  Such
 * descriptions should be regarded as <i>implementation notes</i>, rather than
 * parts of the <i>specification</i>.  Implementors should feel free to
 * substitute other algorithms, so long as the specification itself is adhered
 * to.  (For example, the algorithm used by <tt>sort</tt> does not have to be
 * a mergesort, but it does have to be <i>stable</i>.)
 *
 * <p>The "destructive" algorithms contained in this class, that is, the
 * algorithms that modify the collection on which they operate, are specified
 * to throw <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt> if the collection does not
 * support the appropriate mutation primitive(s), such as the <tt>set</tt>
 * method.  These algorithms may, but are not required to, throw this
 * exception if an invocation would have no effect on the collection.  For
 * example, invoking the <tt>sort</tt> method on an unmodifiable list that is
 * already sorted may or may not throw <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt>.
 *
 * <p>This class is a member of the 
 * <a href="{@docRoot}/../guide/collections/index.html">
 * Java Collections Framework</a>.
 *
 * @author  Josh Bloch
 * @version 1.66, 01/23/03
 * @see	    Collection
 * @see	    Set
 * @see	    List
 * @see	    Map
 * @since   1.2
 */

public class Collections {
    // Suppresses default constructor, ensuring non-instantiability.
    private Collections() {
    }

    // Algorithms

    /*
     * Tuning parameters for algorithms - Many of the List algorithms have
     * two implementations, one of which is appropriate for RandomAccess
     * lists, the other for "sequential."  Often, the random access variant
     * yields better performance on small sequential access lists.  The
     * tuning  parameters below determine the cutoff point for what constitutes
     * a "small" sequential access list for each algorithm.  The values below
     * were empirically determined to work well for LinkedList. Hopefully
     * they should be reasonable for other sequential access List
     * implementations.  Those doing performance work on this code would
     * do well to validate the values of these parameters from time to time.
     * (The first word of each tuning parameter name is the algorithm to which
     * it applies.)
     */
    private static final int BINARYSEARCH_THRESHOLD   = 5000;
    private static final int REVERSE_THRESHOLD        =   18;
    private static final int SHUFFLE_THRESHOLD        =    5;
    private static final int FILL_THRESHOLD           =   25;
    private static final int ROTATE_THRESHOLD         =  100;
    private static final int COPY_THRESHOLD           =   10;
    private static final int REPLACEALL_THRESHOLD     =   11;
    private static final int INDEXOFSUBLIST_THRESHOLD =   35;

    /**
     * Sorts the specified list into ascending order, according to the
     * <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements.  All elements in the list must
     * implement the <tt>Comparable</tt> interface.  Furthermore, all elements
     * in the list must be <i>mutually comparable</i> (that is,
     * <tt>e1.compareTo(e2)</tt> must not throw a <tt>ClassCastException</tt>
     * for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> in the list).<p>
     *
     * This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.<p>
     *
     * The specified list must be modifiable, but need not be resizable.<p>
     *
     * The sorting algorithm is a modified mergesort (in which the merge is
     * omitted if the highest element in the low sublist is less than the
     * lowest element in the high sublist).  This algorithm offers guaranteed
     * n log(n) performance. 
     *
     * This implementation dumps the specified list into an array, sorts
     * the array, and iterates over the list resetting each element
     * from the corresponding position in the array.  This avoids the
     * n<sup>2</sup> log(n) performance that would result from attempting
     * to sort a linked list in place.
     *
     * @param  list the list to be sorted.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the list contains elements that are not
     *	       <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and integers).
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list's
     *	       list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> operation.
     * @see Comparable
     */
    public static void sort(List list) {
	Object a[] = list.toArray();
	Arrays.sort(a);
	ListIterator i = list.listIterator();
	for (int j=0; j<a.length; j++) {
	    i.next();
	    i.set(a[j]);
	}
    }

    /**
     * Sorts the specified list according to the order induced by the
     * specified comparator.  All elements in the list must be <i>mutually
     * comparable</i> using the specified comparator (that is,
     * <tt>c.compare(e1, e2)</tt> must not throw a <tt>ClassCastException</tt>
     * for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> in the list).<p>
     *
     * This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.<p>
     *
     * The sorting algorithm is a modified mergesort (in which the merge is
     * omitted if the highest element in the low sublist is less than the
     * lowest element in the high sublist).  This algorithm offers guaranteed
     * n log(n) performance. 
     *
     * The specified list must be modifiable, but need not be resizable.
     * This implementation dumps the specified list into an array, sorts
     * the array, and iterates over the list resetting each element
     * from the corresponding position in the array.  This avoids the
     * n<sup>2</sup> log(n) performance that would result from attempting
     * to sort a linked list in place.
     *
     * @param  list the list to be sorted.
     * @param  c the comparator to determine the order of the list.  A
     *        <tt>null</tt> value indicates that the elements' <i>natural
     *        ordering</i> should be used.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the list contains elements that are not
     *	       <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list's
     *	       list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> operation.
     * @see Comparator
     */
    public static void sort(List list, Comparator c) {
	Object a[] = list.toArray();
	Arrays.sort(a, c);
	ListIterator i = list.listIterator();
	for (int j=0; j<a.length; j++) {
	    i.next();
	    i.set(a[j]);
	}
    }


    /**
     * Searches the specified list for the specified object using the binary
     * search algorithm.  The list must be sorted into ascending order
     * according to the <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements (as by the
     * <tt>sort(List)</tt> method, above) prior to making this call.  If it is
     * not sorted, the results are undefined.  If the list contains multiple
     * elements equal to the specified object, there is no guarantee which one
     * will be found.<p>
     *
     * This method runs in log(n) time for a "random access" list (which
     * provides near-constant-time positional access).  If the specified list
     * does not implement the {@link RandomAccess} and is large, this method
     * will do an iterator-based binary search that performs O(n) link
     * traversals and O(log n) element comparisons.
     *
     * @param  list the list to be searched.
     * @param  key the key to be searched for.
     * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the list;
     *	       otherwise, <tt>(-(<i>insertion point</i>) - 1)</tt>.  The
     *	       <i>insertion point</i> is defined as the point at which the
     *	       key would be inserted into the list: the index of the first
     *	       element greater than the key, or <tt>list.size()</tt>, if all
     *	       elements in the list are less than the specified key.  Note
     *	       that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
     *	       and only if the key is found.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the list contains elements that are not
     *	       <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and
     *	       integers), or the search key in not mutually comparable
     *	       with the elements of the list.
     * @see    Comparable
     * @see #sort(List)
     */
    public static int binarySearch(List list, Object key) {
        if (list instanceof RandomAccess || list.size()<BINARYSEARCH_THRESHOLD)
            return indexedBinarySearch(list, key);
        else
            return iteratorBinarySearch(list, key);
    }

    private static int indexedBinarySearch(List list, Object key) {
	int low = 0;
	int high = list.size()-1;

	while (low <= high) {
	    int mid = (low + high) >> 1;
	    Object midVal = list.get(mid);
	    int cmp = ((Comparable)midVal).compareTo(key);

	    if (cmp < 0)
		low = mid + 1;
	    else if (cmp > 0)
		high = mid - 1;
	    else
		return mid; // key found
	}
	return -(low + 1);  // key not found
    }

    private static int iteratorBinarySearch(List list, Object key) {
	int low = 0;
	int high = list.size()-1;
        ListIterator i = list.listIterator();

        while (low <= high) {
            int mid = (low + high) >> 1;
            Object midVal = get(i, mid);
            int cmp = ((Comparable)midVal).compareTo(key);

            if (cmp < 0)
                low = mid + 1;
            else if (cmp > 0)
                high = mid - 1;
            else
                return mid; // key found
        }
        return -(low + 1);  // key not found
    }

    /**
     * Gets the ith element from the given list by repositioning the specified
     * list listIterator.
     */
    private static Object get(ListIterator i, int index) {
        Object obj = null;
        int pos = i.nextIndex();
        if (pos <= index) {
            do {
                obj = i.next();
            } while (pos++ < index);
        } else {
            do {
                obj = i.previous();
            } while (--pos > index);
        }
        return obj;
    }

    /**
     * Searches the specified list for the specified object using the binary
     * search algorithm.  The list must be sorted into ascending order
     * according to the specified comparator (as by the <tt>Sort(List,
     * Comparator)</tt> method, above), prior to making this call.  If it is
     * not sorted, the results are undefined.  If the list contains multiple
     * elements equal to the specified object, there is no guarantee which one
     * will be found.<p>
     *
     * This method runs in log(n) time for a "random access" list (which
     * provides near-constant-time positional access).  If the specified list
     * does not implement the {@link RandomAccess} and is large, this
     * this method will do an iterator-based binary search that performs
     * O(n) link traversals and O(log n) element comparisons.
     *
     * @param  list the list to be searched.
     * @param  key the key to be searched for.
     * @param  c the comparator by which the list is ordered.  A
     *        <tt>null</tt> value indicates that the elements' <i>natural
     *        ordering</i> should be used.
     * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the list;
     *	       otherwise, <tt>(-(<i>insertion point</i>) - 1)</tt>.  The
     *	       <i>insertion point</i> is defined as the point at which the
     *	       key would be inserted into the list: the index of the first
     *	       element greater than the key, or <tt>list.size()</tt>, if all
     *	       elements in the list are less than the specified key.  Note
     *	       that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
     *	       and only if the key is found.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the list contains elements that are not
     *	       <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator,
     *	       or the search key in not mutually comparable with the
     *	       elements of the list using this comparator.
     * @see    Comparable
     * @see #sort(List, Comparator)
     */
    public static int binarySearch(List list, Object key, Comparator c) {
        if (c==null)
            return binarySearch(list, key);

        if (list instanceof RandomAccess || list.size()<BINARYSEARCH_THRESHOLD)
            return indexedBinarySearch(list, key, c);
        else
            return iteratorBinarySearch(list, key, c);
    }

    private static int indexedBinarySearch(List l, Object key, Comparator c) {
	int low = 0;
	int high = l.size()-1;

	while (low <= high) {
	    int mid = (low + high) >> 1;
	    Object midVal = l.get(mid);
	    int cmp = c.compare(midVal, key);

	    if (cmp < 0)
		low = mid + 1;
	    else if (cmp > 0)
		high = mid - 1;
	    else
		return mid; // key found
	}
	return -(low + 1);  // key not found
    }

    private static int iteratorBinarySearch(List l, Object key, Comparator c) {
	int low = 0;
	int high = l.size()-1;
        ListIterator i = l.listIterator();

        while (low <= high) {
            int mid = (low + high) >> 1;
            Object midVal = get(i, mid);
            int cmp = c.compare(midVal, key);

            if (cmp < 0)
                low = mid + 1;
            else if (cmp > 0)
                high = mid - 1;
            else
                return mid; // key found
        }
        return -(low + 1);  // key not found
    }

    /**
     * Reverses the order of the elements in the specified list.<p>
     *
     * This method runs in linear time.
     *
     * @param  list the list whose elements are to be reversed.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or
     *         its list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> method.
     */
    public static void reverse(List list) {
        int size = list.size();
        if (size < REVERSE_THRESHOLD || list instanceof RandomAccess) {
            for (int i=0, mid=size>>1, j=size-1; i<mid; i++, j--)
                swap(list, i, j);
        } else {
            ListIterator fwd = list.listIterator();
            ListIterator rev = list.listIterator(size);
            for (int i=0, mid=list.size()>>1; i<mid; i++) {
                Object tmp = fwd.next();
                fwd.set(rev.previous());
                rev.set(tmp);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Randomly permutes the specified list using a default source of
     * randomness.  All permutations occur with approximately equal
     * likelihood.<p>
     *
     * The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description because
     * default source of randomenss is only approximately an unbiased source
     * of independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of randomly
     * chosen bits, then the algorithm would choose permutations with perfect
     * uniformity.<p>
     *
     * This implementation traverses the list backwards, from the last element
     * up to the second, repeatedly swapping a randomly selected element into
     * the "current position".  Elements are randomly selected from the
     * portion of the list that runs from the first element to the current
     * position, inclusive.<p>
     *
     * This method runs in linear time.  If the specified list does not
     * implement the {@link RandomAccess} interface and is large, this
     * implementation dumps the specified list into an array before shuffling
     * it, and dumps the shuffled array back into the list.  This avoids the
     * quadratic behavior that would result from shuffling a "sequential
     * access" list in place.
     *
     * @param  list the list to be shuffled.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or
     *         its list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> method.
     */
    public static void shuffle(List list) {
        shuffle(list, r);
    }
    private static Random r = new Random();

    /**
     * Randomly permute the specified list using the specified source of
     * randomness.  All permutations occur with equal likelihood
     * assuming that the source of randomness is fair.<p>
     *
     * This implementation traverses the list backwards, from the last element
     * up to the second, repeatedly swapping a randomly selected element into
     * the "current position".  Elements are randomly selected from the
     * portion of the list that runs from the first element to the current
     * position, inclusive.<p>
     *
     * This method runs in linear time.  If the specified list does not
     * implement the {@link RandomAccess} interface and is large, this
     * implementation dumps the specified list into an array before shuffling
     * it, and dumps the shuffled array back into the list.  This avoids the
     * quadratic behavior that would result from shuffling a "sequential
     * access" list in place.
     *
     * @param  list the list to be shuffled.
     * @param  rnd the source of randomness to use to shuffle the list.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or its
     *         list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> operation.
     */
    public static void shuffle(List list, Random rnd) {
        int size = list.size();
        if (size < SHUFFLE_THRESHOLD || list instanceof RandomAccess) {
            for (int i=size; i>1; i--)
                swap(list, i-1, rnd.nextInt(i));
        } else {
            Object arr[] = list.toArray();

            // Shuffle array
            for (int i=size; i>1; i--)
                swap(arr, i-1, rnd.nextInt(i));

            // Dump array back into list
            ListIterator it = list.listIterator();
            for (int i=0; i<arr.length; i++) {
                it.next();
                it.set(arr[i]);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Swaps the elements at the specified positions in the specified list.
     * (If the specified positions are equal, invoking this method leaves
     * the list unchanged.)
     *
     * @param list The list in which to swap elements.
     * @param i the index of one element to be swapped.
     * @param j the index of the other element to be swapped.
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if either <tt>i</tt> or <tt>j</tt>
     *         is out of range (i < 0 || i >= list.size()
     *         || j < 0 || j >= list.size()).
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static void swap(List list, int i, int j) {
        list.set(i, list.set(j, list.get(i)));
    }

    /**
     * Swaps the two specified elements in the specified array.
     */
    private static void swap(Object[] arr, int i, int j) {
        Object tmp = arr[i];
        arr[i] = arr[j];
        arr[j] = tmp;
    }

    /**
     * Replaces all of the elements of the specified list with the specified
     * element. <p>
     *
     * This method runs in linear time.
     *
     * @param  list the list to be filled with the specified element.
     * @param  obj The element with which to fill the specified list.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or its
     *	       list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> operation.
     */
    public static void fill(List list, Object obj) {
        int size = list.size();

        if (size < FILL_THRESHOLD || list instanceof RandomAccess) {
            for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
                list.set(i, obj);
        } else {
            ListIterator itr = list.listIterator();
            for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
                itr.next();
                itr.set(obj);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Copies all of the elements from one list into another.  After the
     * operation, the index of each copied element in the destination list
     * will be identical to its index in the source list.  The destination
     * list must be at least as long as the source list.  If it is longer, the
     * remaining elements in the destination list are unaffected. <p>
     *
     * This method runs in linear time.
     *
     * @param  dest The destination list.
     * @param  src The source list.
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the destination list is too small
     *         to contain the entire source List.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the destination list's
     *         list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> operation.
     */
    public static void copy(List dest, List src) {
        int srcSize = src.size();
        if (srcSize > dest.size())
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Source does not fit in dest");

        if (srcSize < COPY_THRESHOLD ||
            (src instanceof RandomAccess && dest instanceof RandomAccess)) {
            for (int i=0; i<srcSize; i++)
                dest.set(i, src.get(i));
        } else {
            ListIterator di=dest.listIterator(), si=src.listIterator();
            for (int i=0; i<srcSize; i++) {
                di.next();
                di.set(si.next());
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum element of the given collection, according to the
     * <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements.  All elements in the
     * collection must implement the <tt>Comparable</tt> interface.
     * Furthermore, all elements in the collection must be <i>mutually
     * comparable</i> (that is, <tt>e1.compareTo(e2)</tt> must not throw a
     * <tt>ClassCastException</tt> for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and
     * <tt>e2</tt> in the collection).<p>
     *
     * This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires
     * time proportional to the size of the collection.
     *
     * @param  coll the collection whose minimum element is to be determined.
     * @return the minimum element of the given collection, according
     *         to the <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the collection contains elements that are
     *	       not <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and
     *	       integers).
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the collection is empty.
     * @see Comparable
     */
    public static Object min(Collection coll) {
	Iterator i = coll.iterator();
	Comparable candidate = (Comparable)(i.next());

        while(i.hasNext()) {
	    Comparable next = (Comparable)(i.next());
	    if (next.compareTo(candidate) < 0)
		candidate = next;
	}
	return candidate;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum element of the given collection, according to the
     * order induced by the specified comparator.  All elements in the
     * collection must be <i>mutually comparable</i> by the specified
     * comparator (that is, <tt>comp.compare(e1, e2)</tt> must not throw a
     * <tt>ClassCastException</tt> for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and
     * <tt>e2</tt> in the collection).<p>
     *
     * This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires
     * time proportional to the size of the collection.
     *
     * @param  coll the collection whose minimum element is to be determined.
     * @param  comp the comparator with which to determine the minimum element.
     *         A <tt>null</tt> value indicates that the elements' <i>natural
     *         ordering</i> should be used.
     * @return the minimum element of the given collection, according
     *         to the specified comparator.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the collection contains elements that are
     *	       not <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator.
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the collection is empty.
     * @see Comparable
     */
    public static Object min(Collection coll, Comparator comp) {
        if (comp==null)
            return min(coll);

	Iterator i = coll.iterator();
	Object candidate = i.next();

        while(i.hasNext()) {
	    Object next = i.next();
	    if (comp.compare(next, candidate) < 0)
		candidate = next;
	}
	return candidate;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum element of the given collection, according to the
     * <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements.  All elements in the
     * collection must implement the <tt>Comparable</tt> interface.
     * Furthermore, all elements in the collection must be <i>mutually
     * comparable</i> (that is, <tt>e1.compareTo(e2)</tt> must not throw a
     * <tt>ClassCastException</tt> for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and
     * <tt>e2</tt> in the collection).<p>
     *
     * This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires
     * time proportional to the size of the collection.
     *
     * @param  coll the collection whose maximum element is to be determined.
     * @return the maximum element of the given collection, according
     *         to the <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the collection contains elements that are
     *	       not <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and
     *         integers).
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the collection is empty.
     * @see Comparable
     */
    public static Object max(Collection coll) {
	Iterator i = coll.iterator();
	Comparable candidate = (Comparable)(i.next());

        while(i.hasNext()) {
	    Comparable next = (Comparable)(i.next());
	    if (next.compareTo(candidate) > 0)
		candidate = next;
	}
	return candidate;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum element of the given collection, according to the
     * order induced by the specified comparator.  All elements in the
     * collection must be <i>mutually comparable</i> by the specified
     * comparator (that is, <tt>comp.compare(e1, e2)</tt> must not throw a
     * <tt>ClassCastException</tt> for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and
     * <tt>e2</tt> in the collection).<p>
     *
     * This method iterates over the entire collection, hence it requires
     * time proportional to the size of the collection.
     *
     * @param  coll the collection whose maximum element is to be determined.
     * @param  comp the comparator with which to determine the maximum element.
     *         A <tt>null</tt> value indicates that the elements' <i>natural
     *        ordering</i> should be used.
     * @return the maximum element of the given collection, according
     *         to the specified comparator.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the collection contains elements that are
     *	       not <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator.
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the collection is empty.
     * @see Comparable
     */
    public static Object max(Collection coll, Comparator comp) {
        if (comp==null)
            return max(coll);

	Iterator i = coll.iterator();
	Object candidate = i.next();

        while(i.hasNext()) {
	    Object next = i.next();
	    if (comp.compare(next, candidate) > 0)
		candidate = next;
	}
	return candidate;
    }

    /**
     * Rotates the elements in the specified list by the specified distance.
     * After calling this method, the element at index <tt>i</tt> will be
     * the element previously at index <tt>(i - distance)</tt> mod
     * <tt>list.size()</tt>, for all values of <tt>i</tt> between <tt>0</tt>
     * and <tt>list.size()-1</tt>, inclusive.  (This method has no effect on
     * the size of the list.)
     *
     * <p>For example, suppose <tt>list</tt> comprises<tt> [t, a, n, k, s]</tt>.
     * After invoking <tt>Collections.rotate(list, 1)</tt> (or
     * <tt>Collections.rotate(list, -4)</tt>), <tt>list</tt> will comprise
     * <tt>[s, t, a, n, k]</tt>.
     *
     * <p>Note that this method can usefully be applied to sublists to
     * move one or more elements within a list while preserving the
     * order of the remaining elements.  For example, the following idiom
     * moves the element at index <tt>j</tt> forward to position
     * <tt>k</tt> (which must be greater than or equal to <tt>j</tt>):
     * <pre>
     *     Collections.rotate(list.subList(j, k+1), -1);
     * </pre>
     * To make this concrete, suppose <tt>list</tt> comprises
     * <tt>[a, b, c, d, e]</tt>.  To move the element at index <tt>1</tt>
     * (<tt>b</tt>) forward two positions, perform the following invocation:
     * <pre>
     *     Collections.rotate(l.subList(1, 4), -1);
     * </pre>
     * The resulting list is <tt>[a, c, d, b, e]</tt>.
     * 
     * <p>To move more than one element forward, increase the absolute value
     * of the rotation distance.  To move elements backward, use a positive
     * shift distance.
     *
     * <p>If the specified list is small or implements the {@link
     * RandomAccess} interface, this implementation exchanges the first
     * element into the location it should go, and then repeatedly exchanges
     * the displaced element into the location it should go until a displaced
     * element is swapped into the first element.  If necessary, the process
     * is repeated on the second and successive elements, until the rotation
     * is complete.  If the specified list is large and doesn't implement the
     * <tt>RandomAccess</tt> interface, this implementation breaks the
     * list into two sublist views around index <tt>-distance mod size</tt>.
     * Then the {@link #reverse(List)} method is invoked on each sublist view,
     * and finally it is invoked on the entire list.  For a more complete
     * description of both algorithms, see Section 2.3 of Jon Bentley's
     * <i>Programming Pearls</i> (Addison-Wesley, 1986).
     *
     * @param list the list to be rotated.
     * @param distance the distance to rotate the list.  There are no
     *        constraints on this value; it may be zero, negative, or
     *        greater than <tt>list.size()</tt>.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or
     *         its list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> method.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static void rotate(List list, int distance) {
        if (list instanceof RandomAccess || list.size() < ROTATE_THRESHOLD)
            rotate1(list, distance);
        else
            rotate2(list, distance);
    }

    private static void rotate1(List list, int distance) {
        int size = list.size();
        if (size == 0)
            return;
        distance = distance % size;
        if (distance < 0)
            distance += size;
        if (distance == 0)
            return;

        for (int cycleStart = 0, nMoved = 0; nMoved != size; cycleStart++) {
            Object displaced = list.get(cycleStart);
            int i = cycleStart;
            do {
                i += distance;
                if (i >= size)
                    i -= size;
                displaced = list.set(i, displaced);
                nMoved ++;
            } while(i != cycleStart);
        }
    }

    private static void rotate2(List list, int distance) {
        int size = list.size();
        if (size == 0)
            return; 
        int mid =  -distance % size;
        if (mid < 0)
            mid += size;
        if (mid == 0)
            return;

        Collections.reverse(list.subList(0, mid));
        Collections.reverse(list.subList(mid, size));
        Collections.reverse(list);
    }

    /**
     * Replaces all occurrences of one specified value in a list with another.
     * More formally, replaces with <tt>newVal</tt> each element <tt>e</tt>
     * in <tt>list</tt> such that
     * <tt>(oldVal==null ? e==null : oldVal.equals(e))</tt>.
     * (This method has no effect on the size of the list.)
     *
     * @param list the list in which replacement is to occur.
     * @param oldVal the old value to be replaced.
     * @param newVal the new value with which <tt>oldVal</tt> is to be
     *        replaced.
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if <tt>list</tt> contained one or more elements
     *         <tt>e</tt> such that
     *         <tt>(oldVal==null ?  e==null : oldVal.equals(e))</tt>.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list or
     *         its list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> method.
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public static boolean replaceAll(List list, Object oldVal, Object newVal) {
        boolean result = false;
        int size = list.size();
        if (size < REPLACEALL_THRESHOLD || list instanceof RandomAccess) {
            if (oldVal==null) {
                for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
                    if (list.get(i)==null) {
                        list.set(i, newVal);
                        result = true;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
                    if (oldVal.equals(list.get(i))) {
                        list.set(i, newVal);
                        result = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            ListIterator itr=list.listIterator();
            if (oldVal==null) {
                for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
                    if (itr.next()==null) {
                        itr.set(newVal);
                        result = true;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
                    if (oldVal.equals(itr.next())) {
                        itr.set(newVal);
                        result = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the starting position of the first occurrence of the specified
     * target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there is no
     * such occurrence.  More formally, returns the the lowest index <tt>i</tt>
     * such that <tt>source.subList(i, i+target.size()).equals(target)</tt>,
     * or -1 if there is no such index.  (Returns -1 if
     * <tt>target.size() > source.size()</tt>.)
     *
     * <p>This implementation uses the "brute force" technique of scanning
     * over the source list, looking for a match with the target at each
     * location in turn.
     *
     * @param source the list in which to search for the first occurrence
     *        of <tt>target</tt>.
     * @param target the list to search for as a subList of <tt>source</tt>.
     * @return the starting position of the first occurrence of the specified
     *         target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there
     *         is no such occurrence.
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public static int indexOfSubList(List source, List target) {
        int sourceSize = source.size();
        int targetSize = target.size();
        int maxCandidate = sourceSize - targetSize;

        if (sourceSize < INDEXOFSUBLIST_THRESHOLD ||
            (source instanceof RandomAccess&&target instanceof RandomAccess)) {
        nextCand:
            for (int candidate = 0; candidate <= maxCandidate; candidate++) {
                for (int i=0, j=candidate; i<targetSize; i++, j++)
                    if (!eq(target.get(i), source.get(j)))
                        continue nextCand;  // Element mismatch, try next cand
                return candidate;  // All elements of candidate matched target
            }
        } else {  // Iterator version of above algorithm
            ListIterator si = source.listIterator();
        nextCand:
            for (int candidate = 0; candidate <= maxCandidate; candidate++) {
                ListIterator ti = target.listIterator();
                for (int i=0; i<targetSize; i++) {
                    if (!eq(ti.next(), si.next())) {
                        // Back up source iterator to next candidate
                        for (int j=0; j<i; j++)
                            si.previous();
                        continue nextCand;
                    }
                }
                return candidate;
            }
        }
        return -1;  // No candidate matched the target
    }

    /**
     * Returns the starting position of the last occurrence of the specified
     * target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there is no such
     * occurrence.  More formally, returns the the highest index <tt>i</tt>
     * such that <tt>source.subList(i, i+target.size()).equals(target)</tt>,
     * or -1 if there is no such index.  (Returns -1 if
     * <tt>target.size() > source.size()</tt>.)
     *
     * <p>This implementation uses the "brute force" technique of iterating
     * over the source list, looking for a match with the target at each
     * location in turn.
     *
     * @param source the list in which to search for the last occurrence
     *        of <tt>target</tt>.
     * @param target the list to search for as a subList of <tt>source</tt>.
     * @return the starting position of the last occurrence of the specified
     *         target list within the specified source list, or -1 if there
     *         is no such occurrence.
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public static int lastIndexOfSubList(List source, List target) {
        int sourceSize = source.size();
        int targetSize = target.size();
        int maxCandidate = sourceSize - targetSize;

        if (sourceSize < INDEXOFSUBLIST_THRESHOLD ||
            source instanceof RandomAccess) {   // Index access version
        nextCand:
            for (int candidate = maxCandidate; candidate >= 0; candidate--) {
                for (int i=0, j=candidate; i<targetSize; i++, j++)
                    if (!eq(target.get(i), source.get(j)))
                        continue nextCand;  // Element mismatch, try next cand
                return candidate;  // All elements of candidate matched target
            }
        } else {  // Iterator version of above algorithm
            if (maxCandidate < 0)
                return -1;
            ListIterator si = source.listIterator(maxCandidate);
        nextCand:
            for (int candidate = maxCandidate; candidate >= 0; candidate--) {
                ListIterator ti = target.listIterator();
                for (int i=0; i<targetSize; i++) {
                    if (!eq(ti.next(), si.next())) {
                        if (candidate != 0) {
                            // Back up source iterator to next candidate
                            for (int j=0; j<=i+1; j++)
                                si.previous();
                        }
                        continue nextCand;
                    }
                }
                return candidate;
            }
        }
        return -1;  // No candidate matched the target
    }


    // Unmodifiable Wrappers

    /**
     * Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified collection.  This method
     * allows modules to provide users with "read-only" access to internal
     * collections.  Query operations on the returned collection "read through"
     * to the specified collection, and attempts to modify the returned
     * collection, whether direct or via its iterator, result in an
     * <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt>.<p>
     *
     * The returned collection does <i>not</i> pass the hashCode and equals
     * operations through to the backing collection, but relies on
     * <tt>Object</tt>'s <tt>equals</tt> and <tt>hashCode</tt> methods.  This
     * is necessary to preserve the contracts of these operations in the case
     * that the backing collection is a set or a list.<p>
     *
     * The returned collection will be serializable if the specified collection
     * is serializable. 
     *
     * @param  c the collection for which an unmodifiable view is to be
     *	       returned.
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified collection.
     */
    public static Collection unmodifiableCollection(Collection c) {
	return new UnmodifiableCollection(c);
    }

    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableCollection implements Collection, Serializable {
	// use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.2.2 for interoperability
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1820017752578914078L;

	Collection c;

	UnmodifiableCollection(Collection c) {
            if (c==null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            this.c = c;
        }

	public int size() 		    {return c.size();}
	public boolean isEmpty() 	    {return c.isEmpty();}
	public boolean contains(Object o)   {return c.contains(o);}
	public Object[] toArray() 	    {return c.toArray();}
	public Object[] toArray(Object[] a) {return c.toArray(a);}
        public String toString()            {return c.toString();}

	public Iterator iterator() {
	    return new Iterator() {
		Iterator i = c.iterator();

		public boolean hasNext() {return i.hasNext();}
		public Object next() 	 {return i.next();}
		public void remove() {
		    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                }
	    };
        }

	public boolean add(Object o){
	    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
	public boolean remove(Object o) {
	    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

	public boolean containsAll(Collection coll) {
	    return c.containsAll(coll);
        }
	public boolean addAll(Collection coll) {
	    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
	public boolean removeAll(Collection coll) {
	    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
	public boolean retainAll(Collection coll) {
	    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
	public void clear() {
	    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified set.  This method allows
     * modules to provide users with "read-only" access to internal sets.
     * Query operations on the returned set "read through" to the specified
     * set, and attempts to modify the returned set, whether direct or via its
     * iterator, result in an <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt>.<p>
     *
     * The returned set will be serializable if the specified set
     * is serializable. 
     *
     * @param  s the set for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified set.
     */

    public static Set unmodifiableSet(Set s) {
	return new UnmodifiableSet(s);
    }

    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableSet extends UnmodifiableCollection
    				 implements Set, Serializable {
	UnmodifiableSet(Set s) 		{super(s);}

	public boolean equals(Object o) {return c.equals(o);}
	public int hashCode() 		{return c.hashCode();}
    }

    /**
     * Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified sorted set.  This method
     * allows modules to provide users with "read-only" access to internal
     * sorted sets.  Query operations on the returned sorted set "read
     * through" to the specified sorted set.  Attempts to modify the returned
     * sorted set, whether direct, via its iterator, or via its
     * <tt>subSet</tt>, <tt>headSet</tt>, or <tt>tailSet</tt> views, result in
     * an <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt>.<p>
     *
     * The returned sorted set will be serializable if the specified sorted set
     * is serializable. 
     *
     * @param s the sorted set for which an unmodifiable view is to be
     *        returned. 
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified sorted set.
     */
    public static SortedSet unmodifiableSortedSet(SortedSet s) {
	return new UnmodifiableSortedSet(s);
    }

    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableSortedSet extends UnmodifiableSet
    				 implements SortedSet, Serializable {
        private SortedSet ss;

	UnmodifiableSortedSet(SortedSet s) {super(s); ss = s;}

        public Comparator comparator()     {return ss.comparator();}

        public SortedSet subSet(Object fromElement, Object toElement) {
            return new UnmodifiableSortedSet(ss.subSet(fromElement,toElement));
        }
        public SortedSet headSet(Object toElement) {
            return new UnmodifiableSortedSet(ss.headSet(toElement));
        }
        public SortedSet tailSet(Object fromElement) {
            return new UnmodifiableSortedSet(ss.tailSet(fromElement));
        }

        public Object first() 	           {return ss.first();}
        public Object last()  	           {return ss.last();}
    }

    /**
     * Returns an unmodifiable view of the specified list.  This method allows
     * modules to provide users with "read-only" access to internal
     * lists.  Query operations on the returned list "read through" to the
     * specified list, and attempts to modify the returned list, whether
     * direct or via its iterator, result in an
     * <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt>.<p>
     *
     * The returned list will be serializable if the specified list
     * is serializable. Similarly, the returned list will implement
     * {@link RandomAccess} if the specified list does.
     * the 
     *
     * @param  list the list for which an unmodifiable view is to be returned.
     * @return an unmodifiable view of the specified list.
     */
    public static List unmodifiableList(List list) {
	return (list instanceof RandomAccess ?
                new UnmodifiableRandomAccessList(list) :
                new UnmodifiableList(list));
    }

    /**
     * @serial include
     */
    static class UnmodifiableList extends UnmodifiableCollection
    				  implements List {
        static final long serialVersionUID = -283967356065247728L;
	List list;

	UnmodifiableList(List list) {
	    super(list);
	    this.list = list;
	}

	public boolean equals(Object o) {return list.equals(o);}
	public int hashCode() 		{return list.hashCode();}

	public Object get(int index) {return list.get(index);}
	public Object set(int index, Object element) {
	    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
	public void add(int index, Object element) {
	    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
	public Object remove(int index) {
	    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
	public int indexOf(Object o)            {return list.indexOf(o);}
	public int lastIndexOf(Object o)        {return list.lastIndexOf(o);}
	public boolean addAll(int index, Collection c) {
	    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
	public ListIterator listIterator() 	{return listIterator(0);}

	public ListIterator listIterator(final int index) {
	    return new ListIterator() {
		ListIterator i = list.listIterator(index);

		public boolean hasNext()     {return i.hasNext();}
		public Object next()         {return i.next();}
		public boolean hasPrevious() {return i.hasPrevious();}
		public Object previous()     {return i.previous();}
		public int nextIndex()       {return i.nextIndex();}
		public int previousIndex()   {return i.previousIndex();}

		public void remove() {
		    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                }
		public void set(Object o) {
		    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                }
		public void add(Object o) {
		    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                }
	    };
	}

	public List subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            return new UnmodifiableList(list.subList(fromIndex, toIndex));
        }

        /**
         * UnmodifiableRandomAccessList instances are serialized as
         * UnmodifiableList instances to allow them to be deserialized
         * in pre-1.4 JREs (which do not have UnmodifiableRandomAccessList).
         * This method inverts the transformation.  As a beneficial
         * side-effect, it also grafts the RandomAccess marker onto
         * UnmodifiableList instances that were serialized in pre-1.4 JREs.
         *
         * Note: Unfortunately, UnmodifiableRandomAccessList instances
         * serialized in 1.4.1 and deserialized in 1.4 will become
         * UnmodifiableList instances, as this method was missing in 1.4.
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return (list instanceof